Namaqua chameleons discovered in Namibe (Angola)

Western Angola has increasingly become the focus of herpetologists in recent years. However, the reptile population of the Iona National Park on the border with Namibia still raises some questions. Whilst searching for the dwarf puff adder Bitis peringueyi, an international research team also found Chamaeleo namaquensis. The survey of reptile populations was carried out in the coastal area, in the sand sea and in the shifting sand dunes of the gravel plains.

A total of 27 reptile species were discovered – although the dwarf puff adder was not among them. Chamaeleo namaquensis was found along the EN100 road about 50 kilometres south of Moçamedes. A second site was found around 10 km north of Salondjmba, the entrance to the Iona National Park in Ponta Albina.

Noteworthy herpetological notes from Naimbe Province, Angola
Javier Lobón-Rovira, Pablo Sierra, Rubén Portas, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Fernando Martínez-Freiría
Herpetology Notes Vol 18: 99-105
DOI: nicht vorhanden

Picture: Daniel S. Katz, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Utilisation of flap-necked chameleons at urban markets in South Africa

by Alex Negro Science

Scientists from the African Amphibian Conservation Research Group have analysed the existing literature on the subject. Fortunate M. Phaka also visited six municipal markets in Durban, Johannesburg, Petermaritzburg, Polokwane and Pretoria. At the markets, he searched for amphibians and reptiles sold for medicinal purposes and the names given to them by the vendors. He was able to interview 11 traditional health practitioners in Limpopo, Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal in detail, from nine of whom he was allowed to take samples of the amphibians and reptiles sold for species identification.

In total, 33 species of reptiles and one species of amphibian used for traditional medicine were identified. Nine of these were found and identified on site during the market visits. The traditional healers interviewed stated that they had either hunted the animal parts themselves, bought them from hunters or taken them from roadkill. Fat and internal organs are removed, the carcasses are rubbed with ash or salt and dried in the sun. Usually, the healers’ customers do not buy complete carcasses, but only small parts of the reptiles on offer. Of the 111 animal samples taken, sufficient DNA to identify the species was obtained from 90 of them. 23% of the samples tested were incorrectly named by the healers.

Chamaeleo dilepis was among the reptile species utilised. No complete chameleon could be found at the markets visited. At the Warwick Muthi Market in KwaZulu-Natal, however, several reptile parts were sampled which, according to DNA comparisons, came from lobed chameleons. Chameleons in general were not identified to species level by the healers. The IsiZulu word unwabu stands for any chameleon.

Barcoding and traditional health practitioner perspectives are informative to monitor and conserve frogs and reptiles traded for traditional medicine in urban South Africa
Fortunate M. Phaka, Edward C. Netherlands, Maarten Van Steenberge, Erik Verheyen, Gontran Sonet, Jean Hugé, Louis H. du Preez, Maarten P.M. Vanhove
Molecular Ecology Resources Vol 25(2), 2025
DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13873

Chamaeleo gracilis in Nechisar (Ethiopia)

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

Over the last hundred years, humans have reduced Ethiopia’s forest cover from around 40% to just 2.36%. Despite this, little is still known about the country’s herpetological fauna in some places. Scientists from Egypt, the USA and Ethiopia recently carried out a survey study in a national park.

Necisar National Park is located in south-west Ethiopia on the line of the Great Rift Valley, more than 500 kilometres south of the capital Addis Ababa. Necisar covers an area of 514 square kilometres, bordered to the north and south by two lakes, to the east by the Amarao Mountains and to the west by the town of Arbaminch. Nechisar is very hot all year round with very little rainfall.

A total of two expeditions were carried out during the rainy season and two during the dry season. Transects with a total length of 290 km and a width of nine metres were covered, 230 km of which were in grassland and stony terrain, 60 km in the forest and along the lakeshore. In addition to manual searches with the naked eye, small pitfall traps and cover plates were used.

A total of 34 species of reptiles were found, including Chamaeleo gracilis. The species was discovered twice. Both chameleons were found near different rivers, one in the scrubland and one in the forest.

Survey of reptiles in Nechisar National Park, Southern Ethiopia
Samy A. Saber, Fikirte Gebresenbet, Afework Bekele, Eman N. Salama
Russian Journal of Herpetology 31(5): 291-301
DOI: 10.30906/1026-2296-2024-31-5-293-301

What kills chameleons in zoos?

by Alex Negro Tiermedizin Science

Scientists at the University of Veterinary Medicine Montréal (France) recently analysed the causes of death in chameleons kept in zoos between 2011 and 2022. The Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) was used to search for zoos that currently keep chameleons or have kept them since 2011. Questionnaires were sent to a total of 245 zoos. The questionnaires asked about the number, species and sex of chameleons kept, as well as selected husbandry conditions (coolest and warmest temperatures, humidity, feeding) and dissection results.

Around 1000 chameleons of 36 different species are currently kept in zoos worldwide. 65 of the zoos surveyed took part in the study, 48 of which regularly carried out dissections on chameleons. However, only 29 of the participating zoos were able to provide dissection results. A total of 412 pathological findings from 14 different chameleon species were analysed. Among the species kept were Brookesia stumpffi, Brookesia superciliaris, chameleons of the genus Brookesia without species identification, Calumma parsonii, Chamaeleo calyptratus, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Furcifer lateralis, Furcifer oustaleti, Furcifer pardalis, Rieppeleon brevicaudatus, Trioceros melleri, Trioceros montium and Trioceros quadricornis. Panther chameleons were kept most frequently (226 specimens).

The statistical analysis showed that most of the chameleons in the participating zoos died of infectious diseases (46.8%). Infectious diseases included septicaemia, but also inflammation of the oral cavity, lungs, liver, kidneys and intestines. Almost 20% of the infectious diseases were in the area of the oral cavity. The most common bacteria were Enterococcus and Pseudomonas. Among the fungi, Nannizziopsis including CANV, Fusarium and Metarhizium were represented. A good third of the necropsy reports also indicated parasitoses, with these occurring both as a cause of death and as an incidental finding. Coccidia and trematodes as well as various nematodes were often present. The second most common cause of death in the participating zoos was non-infectious kidney diseases (11.4%). This was closely followed by diseases of the reproductive tract, including egg loss and egg yolk coelomitis, which accounted for 10.7% of cases.

Contrary to the authors’ initial assumption, there was no correlation between the surveyed husbandry parameters in the cages and the incidence of kidney disease. Basically, there was a tendency towards an increased incidence of kidney disease in countries where the average humidity was generally lower.

Evaluation of mortality causes and prevalence of renal lesions in zoo-housed chameleons: 2011-2022
Amélie Aduriz, Isabelle Lanthier, Stéphane Lair, Claire Vergnau-Grosset
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 55(2), 2024
DOI: 10.1638/2023-0023

Photo: Panther chameleon in Madagascar, photographed by Alex Negro

The Common Chameleon in Belezma (Algeria)

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

The Belezma Biosphere Reserve was only established in 2015 and is located in the province of Batna in northern Algeria. It covers an area of 262 km² in the Belezma Mountains and lies at altitudes between 915 and 2136 metres above sea level. The terrain consists of Mediterranean cedar, pine and oak forests, typical scrubland (so-called maquis), cliffs and only seasonal watercourses (so-called oueds); around 53 km² consist of cedar forest. So far, there have only been a few publications on the herpetofauna there. A recent overview study of the amphibians and reptiles found there has now been compiled by biologists from the University of Batna.

The animals were searched for visually only. Various people walked transects unsystematically both during the day and at night, for a total of 500 hours at 28 locations within the reserve. The animals found were either identified directly or photographed and released.

A total of 23 amphibian and reptile species were found and identified. Chamaeleo chamaeleon was identified for the first time in Belezma. The chameleons were found at around 1040 metres in the characteristic shrublands and at 1280 metres in open terrain. The maquis in Belezma consists mainly of oak and olive trees as well as mastic bushes and Phoenician juniper.

Herpetofauna of Belezma Biosphere Reserve, province of Batna, northeastern Algeria
Messaoud Saoudi, Mohamed Bensaci, Abdeldjabar Necer, Houria Baazi, Zohra Nemili, Farouk Khelfaoui
African Journal of Biological Sciences 6 (15), 2024
DOI: 10.48047/AFJBS.6.15.2024.10672-10700

Dwarf chameleons in South Africa larger in urban environments than in the wild

by Alex Negro Science

Dwarf chameleons of the genus Bradypodion from South Africa have long been known to adapt very well to urban habitats. Two scientists from Cape Town and Johannesburg have now investigated how different populations differ in body size, body weight and body condition score within urban and natural environments.

A total of 1107 individuals of five different dwarf chameleon species were studied over a period of four years. Bradypodion damaranum in George (Western Cape), Bradypodion melanocephalum in Durban (KwaZulu-Natal), Bradypodion setaroi in St Lucia (KwaZulu-Natal), Bradypodion thamnobates in Howick (KwaZulu-Natal) and Bradypodion ventrale in Jeffrey’s Bay (Eastern Cape) were each searched at night at three to eight locations. Forest fragments, grass savannahs or coastal bushland less than 15 km from the centre of the nearest town were classified as ‘natural sites’. All sites located within a city and consisting of both introduced and native flora regularly cut back by humans (gardens, public parks and green spaces, roadsides) were categorised as ‘urban’. The dwarf chameleons found were measured, weighed, sexed and marked with a felt-tip pen to avoid duplicate measurements on the same animals. Obviously pregnant females were not measured.

Statistical analyses and comparisons revealed that the chameleons at natural sites were always smaller and lighter on average than the populations of the same species at urban sites. Significantly larger and heavier in the city were both sexes in Bradypodion damaranum, the males in Bradypodion melanocephalum, ventrale and setaroi and the females in Bradypodion thamnobates. The body condition score was higher in urban areas for both sexes of Bradypodion damaranum and setaroi and males of Bradypodion melanocephalum than for the chameleons in natural habitats. In Bradypodion ventrale and thamnobates, there were no differences in body condition score between the different populations.

Research into exactly how these exciting differences come about is still pending.

Big cities, big bodies: urbanisation correlates with large body sizes and enhanced body condition in African dwarf chameleons (Genus: Bradypodion)
Jody M. Barends, Krystal A. Tolley
African Zoology 2024, 59(3)
DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2024.2402256

Photo: Bradypodion melanocephalum, photographed by suncana, licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

The new CHAMAELEO is out now!

by Alex Negro AG Interna Beobachtungen CHAMAELEO Haltungsberichte Science

Good things come to those who wait: we have just received the latest issues of CHAMAELEO 49. They will now go into the mail as soon as possible and will then be on their way to all AG members. The current contents can be found here. And if you are not yet a member of the AG Chameleons, you might want to become one soon! How do you like the current issue? Do you have any comments, wishes or criticism? Too thick, too thin, too much English, too little? ;) We look forward to your feedback!

Impact of agriculture on chameleons in Madagascar

by Alex Negro Science

In Madagascar’s eastern highlands, farmland for rice fields is mainly obtained by slashing and burning primary forests or secondary vegetation. The rice fields are only used for one season. The following year the field is used for root vegetables. After just one harvest, the land lies fallow for up to five years before it is slash-and-burned again to grow rice again. Just five of these cycles can turn fertile land into degraded. In recent decades, fallow land has been cleared at ever shorter intervals. This practice has allowed invasive, non-native plant species to spread, while Malagasy plants that depend on primary forest have disappeared. Malagasy scientists have now investigated the impact of this form of agriculture on chameleons on the east coast of Madagascar.

The Ankeniheny-Zahamena rainforest corridor in the eastern highlands was used as the object of study. It runs along the east coast of Madagascar over an area of around 5000 km², some of which are only connected by very narrow forest fragments. A total of 44 sites were investigated during the rainy season, which were categorised into five habitat types: Ten sites with closed canopy rainforests, eight with tree fallows, eleven with shrub fallows, ten sites after at least five slash-and-burn cycles (degraded land) and five sites where reforestation was practised. The majority of chameleons were searched for, identified and measured at night along predefined transects (three to four parallel lines each 50 metres long).

A total of 15 chameleon species of the genera Brookesia, Furcifer and Calumma were found, although three species could not be precisely identified (as far as recognisable, these are animals from the Calumma nasutum/emelinae complex). Most chameleons favoured closed rainforest, whereas significantly fewer animals and species were found after slash-and-burn clearing. In forest areas with reforestation efforts, the number of chameleons was significantly higher than in degraded areas. Both emphasise the need to protect remaining rainforests as well as the relevance of reforestation in Madagascar.

Six species (including Calumma cf. vencesi, Brookesia superciliaris, Brookesia therezieni, Calumma parsonii) were clearly more sensitive to agriculture and can probably only survive to a very limited extent outside primary forest. Only three species were found on intensively farmed land, of which only Furcifer lateralis was most frequently found there.

Effects of shwidden agriculture on chameleon diversity and abundance in eastern tropical rainforest in Madagascar
Rodlis Raphali Andriantsimanarilafy, Joseph Christian Randrianantoandro, Josué Rakotoarioa, Alain Jean Victorien Rakotondrina, Ruth Kelly, Alison Cameron
Sustainability and biodiversity conservation 3(2): 99-118.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13861065

Photo: Carpet chameleon at the edge of a rice field in Madagascar, photographed by Alex Negro

Communal egglaying in Furcifer minor

by Alex Negro Science

In chameleons, there are only a few reports of females laying eggs in very close proximity to each other. Archaius tigris is even known to lay eggs together. Such an observation has now also been made in Madagascar, more precisely in the Itremo Massif in the southern highlands of the island.

In January this year, a female Furcifer minor was observed laying eggs in the forest of Antsirankambiaty. Shortly after the first female had finished laying her eggs, a second female only 30 cm away also started to lay eggs (see a video here). Two days later, a third Furcifer minor female laid her eggs between the two existing nests.

All three nests were dug into the sand of a riverbank about 2-3 metres from the water. The site was a rather sunny place with more than 5 hours of sunshine a day, so it might have been better suited for oviposition than the ground in the neighbouring forest fragment. However, it is also possible that the ongoing deforestation and thus the decreasing habitat is causing female Furcifer minor to look for oviposition sites outside their actual habitat. It is unclear whether the third female is one of the first two that returned – unfortunately it was not possible to differentiate between them.

Communal egg-laying in the Lesser Chameleon, Furcifer minor (Günther, 1879), at Itremo Massif Amoron’i Mania Region, Madagascar
Devin Edmonds
Herpetology Notes 17, 2024: 579-581
DOI: nicht vorhanden

Foto: Eines der Furcifer minor bei der Eiablage, fotografiert von Devin Edmonds

Karyograms of five Malagasy chameleons described

by Alex Negro Science

It has been known for many years that the sex of chameleons is genetically determined. However, the karyograms of many species, i.e. the chromosome characteristics, are not yet known for all species. Italian scientists have now analysed the karyograms of five Madagascan chameleon species.

Existing, preserved chameleons were used for the study. One female each of the species Furcifer balteatus, Furcifer petteri, Furcifer major and Furcifer minor were sampled. One male and one female Brookesia superciliaris were also used for the study. All samples were subjected to DNA barcoding analysis using the mitochondrial gene fragment COI as a marker. The extracted DNA was amplified by PCR and then sequenced to create a karyogram for each animal.

The karyogram of Brookesia superciliaris is 2 n = 34 for both sexes. Of the 34 chromosomes, six are macrochromosome pairs and eleven are microchromosome pairs. All macrochromosomes are metacentric. Morphologically, the chromosomes do not differ from each other, so that it remains unclear which could be the sex chromosomes.

Furcifer balteatus has a very special karyogram, which actually fits better with those of the genera Brookesia and Palleon than with the genus Furcifer. The karyogram is 2n = 34, which is the highest number of chromosomes among the chameleons. Of the 34 chromosomes, six are macrochromosome pairs and eleven are microchromosome pairs. The former are all metacentric. There are no morphological differences between the chromosome pairs, so that the sex chromosome has not yet been determined.

The karyogram of Furcifer major is 2n = 24. Nine of the chromosome pairs are macrochromosome pairs and three are microchromosome pairs. Seven of the macrochromosome pairs are metacentric, only pairs two and three are submetacentric. The eleventh chromosome pair, a microchromosome pair, codes for the sex chromosome W.

Furcifer minor has a karyogram of 2n = 22 chromosomes. Of these, eight pairs are macrochromosome pairs and three are microchromosome pairs. Among the macrochromosomes, the first five pairs are metacentric, while the remaining three pairs are acrocentric. A portion of the sixth pair of chromosomes was almost completely heterochromatic and probably represents the sex chromosome W.

The karyogram of Furcifer petteri is also 2n = 22, of which eight pairs of chromosomes are macrochromosomes and three microchromosomes. Seven pairs of macrochromosomes are metacentric, only the fifth pair is submetacentric. The sex chromosome W is part of the seventh pair of macrochromosomes.

All newly described karyograms are deposited in GenBank under the number PQ272538-4. In this study, the genus Furcifer was also found to have the highest diversity in the karyograms. It also appears to be the only genus among all vertebrates that shows all variants of sex chromosome diversification.

New insights on Chromosome Diversification in Malagasy Chameleons
Marcello Mezzasalma, Gaetano Odierna, Rachele Macirella, Elvira Brunelli
Animals 2024, 14: 2818
DOI: 10.3390/ani14192818

Graphic: Karyograms of Brookesia superciliaris and Furcifer balteatus from the above-mentioned study

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