Four new species of Nadzikambia in Mozambique

Four new species of Nadzikambia in Mozambique

by Alex Negro Neubeschreibungen Science

The South East Africa Montane Archipelago (SEAMA) stretches across northern Mozambique and into southern Malawi. It consists of a chain of around 30 so-called inselbergs, which are completely isolated from one another by valleys. They have long been recognised as biodiversity hotspots. For decades, ongoing unrest made it difficult to conduct herpetological surveys of the insular mountains. And when the opportunity finally arose again, new species of chameleon were promptly discovered – one on each of the insular mountains surveyed to date. The new species have since been studied genetically and morphologically. Four new species of Nadzikambia were described in the process.

Nadzikambia franklinae was named in honour of the British biochemist Rosalind Franklin. The species is found in the Mahno and Ukalini wet forests on Mount Namuli in Mozambique. It has so far been found at altitudes between 1,618 and 1,632 metres. The males have a taller and rounder casque with smoother crests than other Nadzikambia species. The species’ three remaining habitats are each only around 0.67 km² in size and are under massive pressure from land clearance for small-scale farming, such as maize and potato cultivation.

Nadzikambia goodallae was named after the recently deceased chimpanzee researcher Jane Goodall. The species inhabits the wet forest on the western slope of Mount Ribáuè in Mozambique.  It has so far been found at very specific altitudes between 1,052 and 1,142 metres. This species, too, is under severe threat from slash-and-burn farming and deforestation of its habitat. Only 4.8 km² of forest area currently remains. The males of Nadzikambia goodallae have a flat, broad casque with rough scales.

Nadzikambia evanescens was named after the Latin word for transience. This is intended to highlight the species’ critically endangered status. This chameleon species now survives in just a single fragment of wet forest on Mount Inago in Mozambique. Since 2009 alone, 85% of the forest area that existed at that time has been cleared. Currently, just 2.3 km² remains. The small habitat lies at an altitude of 1,235 to 1,281 m. The males of the species have a tall, round casque with smooth crest scales.

Nadzikambia nubila was named after the Latin word for clouds. Its habitat, Mount Chaperone, provides the rainfall essential for the region’s survival through its surrounding cloud formations. To date, only females of Nadzikambia nubila have been recorded; no males have yet been found. The chameleons inhabit wet forest at altitudes between 1,017 and 1,053 metres, although the existing forest area has more than halved since 2009, mainly due to slash-and-burn farming and illegal logging. Currently, only 7 km² remain. Furthermore, the highest elevations of Mount Chaperone, which are less threatened by human activity, appear to be changing from dense woodland to more exposed granite outcrops. The authors suspect that this may be due to climate change.

Unfortunately, the already known species Nadzikambia mlanjensis is just as threatened as the four new species. And this is despite the fact that it occurs at altitudes ranging from 600 to almost 2,000 metres, meaning it inhabits significantly more varied habitats. The forest area that once covered Mount Mlanje in Malawi decades ago now consists only of tiny, isolated forest fragments. In total, perhaps 12 km² remain; the rest has already been cleared. Nor is much left of Ruo Gorge Forest, the site where the species was first discovered. It is not yet clear whether Nadzikambia mlanjensis also occurs on nearby Mount Mchese.

The sixth and final species of the genus, Nadzikambia baylissi, appears to have fared slightly better. The species is found in wet forests at altitudes of between 1,000 and 1,400 metres on Mount Mabu in Mozambique. Here, the forest is still largely intact, even though the forest edges are struggling with slash-and-burn farming. However, it is not entirely clear whether the estimated 48 km² of habitat for this chameleon species is still accurate.

Sky islands of Mozambique harbour cryptic species of chameleons: Description of four new species of sylvan chameleons (Squamat: Chamaeleonidae: Nadzikambia Tilbury, Tolley & Branch, 2006)
Krystal A. Tolley, Werner Conradie
Vertebrate Zoology 76, 2026: 207-246
DOI: 10.3897/vz.76.e178403
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Photos: From top left to bottom right Nadzikambia franklinae, Nadzikambia goodallae, Nadzikambia avanescens and Nadzikambia nubila

Description of Chamaeleo incognitus has been declared invalid

Description of Chamaeleo incognitus has been declared invalid

by Alex Negro Neubeschreibungen Science

The Chamaeleo dilepis complex continues to raise a great many questions. A comprehensive study of its genetics and morphology across large parts of Africa has yet to be carried out. In 2025, Nečas described the species Chamaeleo incognitus in the journal Archaius, which he himself edited, managed and published. He also elevated the subspecies Chamaeleo dilepis roperi and Chamaeleo dilepis martensi to species status. South African researchers have now examined the issue in greater detail and concluded that both the new description and the changes to the species’ status are invalid.

The authors of the current paper highlight several issues underlying this species description. Firstly, Nečas assumes that a preserved chameleon from Mombasa (Kenya) is the ‘true’ Chamaeleo dilepis. However, the type locality of Chamaeleo dilepis is Gabon, some 3,300 km away from the East African Chamaeleo dilepis. Furthermore, there exists no detailed description of the hemipenes from the holotype – that is, the specimen first described under the name Chamaeleo dilepis. Only a publication from 2007 mentions the hemipenes of Chamaeleo dilepis briefly, in nine words. Nevertheless, Nečas uses these few words as an established description and states that the hemipenes of Chamaeleo incognitus differed from them. What he then describes very briefly, corresponds to the hemipenes of Chamaeleo dilepis roperi. In the photographs of the hemipenes of Chamaeleo incognitus, however – just to add to the confusion – the South African scientists recognise the same characteristics as those found on the hemipenes of Chamaeleo dilepis from Mombasa.

Furthermore, a 2022 study using phylogenetic analysis stated that the Chamaeleo dilepis of East Africa differ significantly from those of West Africa. Both the lowland and highland species of East Africa form a single clade. Purely in terms of appearance, it is not possible to reliably distinguish between the Chamaeleo dilepis roperi from the coastal region and those from the highlands. If one were to describe one of the two populations as a separate species – in this case, the one in the highlands as Chamaeleo incognitus – genetic evidence would be required. This is lacking in Nečas’s publication. The only remaining difference between the species is the different habitat or altitude – which is not sufficient for the South African scientists to describe a separate species. Chamaeleo incognitus should therefore be regarded as a synonym of Chamaeleo dilepis roperi.

Furthermore, the description did not comply with the rules of the ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). Common ‘best practice’ guidelines, such as disclosing a conflict of interest, were not followed. This includes, for example, publishing an article in one’s own journal without expert review (known as peer review).

Chamaeleo incognitus or Chamaeleo ignotus? Questioning the taxonomic validity of a new chameleon species
Devon C. Main, Colin R. Tilbury
African Journal of Herpetology, April 2026
DOI: 0.1080/21564574.2025.2595158
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Picture: Chamaeleo dilepis from Botswana

Two “new old” chameleon species from Madagascar

Two “new old” chameleon species from Madagascar

by Alex Negro Neubeschreibungen Science

It has long been known that Calumma gallus from eastern Madagascar is not just one species, but rather an entire species complex. Scientists have now taken a closer look at the complex and conducted new genetic studies – completely overturning some species classifications in the process.

The short version:

What was previously thought to be Calumma nasutum from Andasibe, Anosibe An’Ala and Tarzanville is now called Calumma hofreiteri. The females still cannot be reliably distinguished from Calumma emelinae. The ‘real’ Calumma nasutum occurs in rainforests near Ranomafana and Mananjary. The males of Calumma nasutum have a significantly larger rostral appendage, which is often yellow in colour, while the females only have a red snub nose. Calumma nasutum belongs to the gallus complex.

What was previously thought to be Calumma gallus and occurs in the Vohimana reserve and surrounding area is now called Calumma pinocchio. The ‘real’ Calumma gallus occurs in a forest fragment near Tarzanville, in Tsinjoarivo and several small areas near Toamasina on the east coast of Madagascar. Its rostral appendage is serrated at the top, while the rostral appendage of Calumma pinocchio is smooth.

Towards a revision of the Malagasy chameleons of the Calumma gallus complex: Redefinition of Calumma nasutum based on a museomics approach and descriptions of two new species
Frank Glaw, Stefanie Agne, David Prötzel, Philip-Sebastian Gehring, Jörn Köhler, Michaela Preick, Fanomezana M. Ratsoavina, Nicolas Straube, Katharina Wollenberg Valero, Angelica Crottini, Miguel Vences
Salamandra 61(4): 442-466, 2025.
DOI: not available
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Photo: from the above publication, Calumma nasutum 

New leaf chameleon in Madagascar

New leaf chameleon in Madagascar

by Alex Negro Neubeschreibungen

There are tiny chameleons in many places in Madagascar, including the smallest in the world. Now another tiny terrestrial chameleon has been described by Malagasy and German scientists: Brookesia nofy.

Brookesia nofy lives in a small remnant of lowland rainforest on the central east coast of Madagascar, in the Akanin’ny Nofy reserve. It probably also occurs in the neighbouring Vohibola reserve. The new species is related to Brookesia ramanantsoai, which occurs in the eastern highlands and not quite as close to the coast. Madagascar’s lowland rainforests are extremely threatened by deforestation. It is therefore all the better that this small chameleon already lives in two protected areas. Incidentally, the name nofy is the Malagasy word for dream and is therefore appropriate in two respects: firstly, because it was found in the ‘nest of dreams’ and secondly, because it lives in its own protected area, thus ensuring its survival for the time being.

A new miniaturized species of leaf chameleon, genus Brookesia, from a littoral forest fragment in eastern Madagascar
Andolalao Rakotoarison, Alida Frankline Hasiniaina, Frank Glaw, Miguel Vences
Zootaxa Vol. 5506(4):533-547
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5506.4.3

Picture: Brookesia nofy in Akanin’ny Nofy, photographed by Alex Negro

Five new Rhampholeon species

Five new Rhampholeon species

by Alex Negro Neubeschreibungen Science

There is still a lot to discover about the small, brown pygmy chameleons on the African mainland. After new species were discovered in the Rhampholeon uluguruensis/moyeri complex in Tanzania two years ago, international scientists have now taken a closer look at the Rhampholeon boulengeri complex. And as expected, new species have been discovered!

The pygmy chameleons from this complex inhabit various habitats along the Albertine Rif). This 6000 km long chain of mountains and rifts stretches from Lake Albert in Uganda to Lake Tanganyika. It crosses the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. In the genus Rhampholeon, the species hardly differ externally, but often live in very different habitats or can be easily distinguished from each other genetically. The authors analysed over 130 pygmy chameleons from more than 20 different locations as well as the lectotypes (the holotype no longer exists) of the species Rhampholeon boulengeri. Using genetic analyses, they were able to identify five new Rhampholeon species.

The already known species Rhampholeon boulengeri, described by Grauer in 1908, occurs exclusively in its type locality according to the current data. This is the Itombwe Plateau in the Democratic Republic of Congo, at altitudes between 2100 and 2470 metres.

Rhampholeon plumptrei was named in honour of the English zoologist Andrew Plumptre. As chairman of the Wildlife Conservation Society, he has been campaigning for species conservation along the African Rift Valley for almost 20 years. The species lives in montane and submontane rainforest at altitudes of 1203-2269 metres, although they are most commonly found at 1200 to 1700 metres. The distribution ranges from the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo with the Kahuzi-Biega National Park to the west of Kenya to the Kakamega Forest National Reserve. In between, Rhampoleon plumptrei can be found in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, in Mabira and in Kalinzu Central Forest Reserve in western Uganda. It has a clearly visible nasal appendage and a slightly shorter tail than Rhampholeon boulengeri. Rhampholeon plumptrei grows up to 60 mm in size. The males have a white colouration on the throat and belly and one or two diagonal dark stripes on the body. Most chameleons of this species have a dark-coloured tubercle on the back of the neck.

Rhampholeon nalubaale was named after the Luganda word for ‘goddess’, which is also the native name of Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa. So far, only the females of this species are known, males have not yet been found. Rhampholeon nalubaale occurs in submontane rainforest at altitudes of 513 to 1506 metres. It is most common in the Kibale National Park in Uganda, but can also be found in the Budungo Central Forest Reserve in the same country and in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park and the Itombwe Natural Reserve in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Rhampholeon nalubaale grows up to 56 mm long. One of the animals found was illuminated with UV light and some of the tubercles in the face fluoresced blue, as is already known from other chameleons – but this is new for the genus Rhampholeon. The species occurs together with Trioceros johnstoni and Kinyongia tolleyae.

Rhampholeon bombayi was named after the waYao explorer Sidi Mubarak Bombay. He was born in 1820 on the border between Tanzania and Mozambique and was sold to India as a slave at an early age. He later returned to Africa and made a name for himself on expeditions by British explorers in East Africa. Rhampholeon bombayi grows up to 55 mm long. It lives in montane forests at altitudes of 1450 to 2330 metres in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It has so far been recorded in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Kabobo Natural Reserve, Itombwe Natural Reserve and Nyungwe Forest National Park. Trioceros johnstoni and Trioceros schoutedeni also live in the same forest. The animals have two or three dark lines diagonally on the body, the tail and extremities are often darker brown than the trunk.

Rhampholeon msitugrabensis was named after the Albertine Rift. The Swahili word for forest, msitu, and the German word for rift, Graben, were combined. This ground chameleon grows up to 49 mm in size. It inhabits forest edges near Mpishi close to Kibira National Park in Burundi. Rhampholeon msitugrabensis is also described from Mount Bigugu in Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda, so that its occurrence extends from 1986 to 2699 metres. In the Nyungwe Forest, Rhampholeon msitugrabensis occurs allopatrically with Rhampholeon bombayi, more precisely in the Kamiranzovu swamp area at 2000 to 2330 m altitude. Other chameleons that share a habitat with Rhampholeon msitugrabensis are Trioceros ellioti, Chamaeleo dilepis and Kinyongia rugegensis.

Rhampholeon monteslunae was named after its habitat, the Rwenzori Mountains on the border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. This mountain range, where the Nile rises, was described by Ptolemy as ‘Lunae Montes’ as early as 150 AD. Rhampholeon monteslunae occurs at altitudes of 1655 to 2360 metres and is most common in the Rwenzori Mountains National Park near the entrance to Nyakalengija. Another population can be found in the Bururi Forest Nature Reserve in Burundi. This ground chameleon grows up to 47 mm long. Kinyongia carpenteri, Kinyongia xenorhina, Kinyongia tolleyae, Trioceros ellioti, Trioceros johnstoni and Trioceros rudis are also found in the same forests.

Taxonomy of the Rhampholeon boulengeri Complex (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae): Five new species from central Africa’s Albertine Rift
Daniel F. Hughes, Mathias Behangana, Wilber Lukwago, Michele Menegon, J. Maximilian Dehling, Philipp Wagner, Colin R. Tilbury, Trisan South, Chifundera Kusamba, Eli Greenbaum
Zootaxa Vol. 5458 4, 2024, pp. 451-494
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5458.4.1

Photo: From top left to bottom right Rhampholeon boulengeri, Rhampholeon plumptrei, Rhampholeon nalubaale, Rhampholeon bombayi, Rhampholeon msitugrabensis und Rhampholeon monteslunae from the mentioned publication

Six new Rhampholeon species in Tanzania

Six new Rhampholeon species in Tanzania

by Alex Negro Neubeschreibungen Science

In the last 15 years, the number of known Rhampholeon species has doubled – not least because some species complexes “hid” numerous undescribed species. Scientists from Great Britain, Tanzania, and South Africa have now shed light on exactly such a case: the Rhampholeon uluguruensis/moyeri complex. The pygmy chameleons from this complex inhabit different habitats in the Eastern Arc Mountains, a 600 km long mountain range stretching from Kenya to Tanzania. The most striking feature of the genus Rhampholeon so far is that the described species differ only slightly in appearance, but occur in narrowly defined habitats that are usually completely isolated from each other. The authors studied pygmy chameleons from seven different locations in Tanzania. In the process, they were able to identify six new Rhampholeon species by means of genetic studies.

Rhampholeon colemani was named after the conservationist Carter Coleman. The species occurs in the Kitolomero Valley at about 1200 m a.s.l.. The valley is located in the Uzungwa Scarp Nature Reserve in the Udzungwa Mountains in the middle of Tanzania, about 350 km south-east of the capital Dodoma. What is special about this distribution area is that the already-known Rhampholeon moyeri also occurs in this reserve. It is still unclear whether the two species possibly live at different altitudes. Rhampholeon colemani grows up to 44 mm (TL) and is thus the second smallest of the Rhampholeon species described so far. The hemipenes of the males of these species could be described in detail. A characteristic feature of Rhampholeon colemani is the rostral appendage, which is at an angle of up to 59° to the snout or points slightly downwards. In all other terrestrial chameleons of the genus, the angle is much smaller, so the rostral appendage is rather straightforward.

Rhampholeon sabini was named in honour of Andy Sabin for his financial support and worldwide commitment to conservation. The species lives in Tanzania in the sub-montane rainforest of two neighbouring reserves, which are located in the north-east of the country about 250 km from the coastal city of Dar es Salaam. One of the habitats is the Nguu North Forest Reserve, the other the Kilindi Forest Reserve, both at an altitude of just over 1200 m above sea level. Rhampholeon sabini grows up to 54 mm, with the relative size of the head and tail appearing larger in relation to the rest of the body than in the other species.

Rhampholeon rubeho occurs on the mountains of the same name, the Rubeho Mountains, at about 1870 m a.s.l., located about 150 km east of the capital Dodoma. The rainforest inhabited by this species is mainly in the Mafwomero Forest Reserve. Rhampholeon rubeho grows up to 63 mm long. In addition, scientists currently count a population of earth chameleons in the Ilole Forest Reserve 50 km away, on the southern foothills of the Rubeho Mountains, as belonging to this species. However, this population has not yet been genetically studied.

Rhampholeon nicolai was named after the late Nicola Colangelo, a Tanzanian entrepreneur who promoted species conservation and sustainable resource use. Rhampholeon nicolai grows up to 60 mm long, and similar to R. sabini, the relative size of the head and tail in relation to the rest of the body appears larger than in the other species. Rhampholeon nicolai lives in the Ukaguru Mountains, just north of the Rubeho Mountains. It has been recorded in the three contiguous protected areas of Mamiwa Kisara North Forest Reserve, Mamiwa Kisara South Forest Reserve and the Ikwamba Forest Reserve at 1970 m altitude. A population of ground chameleons in nearby Mikuvi Forest is initially counted as part of the species, but its exact status has yet to be investigated.

Rhampholeon waynelotteri was given its name in honour of the murdered South African conservation activist Wayne Lotter, who was particularly active in the fight against elephant poaching. This pgymy chameleon grows up to 55 m tall. It inhabits Mount Kanga, about 120 km from the Indian Ocean coast. Mount Kanga is part of the Nguru Mountains, although the mountain is separated from the main massif by an 8 km wide lowland corridor and a river. Rhampholeon waynelotteri is described from the Kanga Forest Reserve at about 1280 m as well as de Mkingu Nature Reserve. In the latter, it occurs together with Rhampholeon acuminatus, from which it can be easily distinguished by its differently shaped rostral appendage and small appendages above the eyes. A pygmy chameleon population on Mount Nguru was initially attributed to Rhampholeon waynelotteri, but further research is pending.

Rhampholeon princeeai was named after the American artist and YouTuber Prince Ea. Rhampholeon princeeai lives at altitudes of 1870 m in the Mkingu Nature Reserve on the Nguru Mountains. Rhampholeon waynelotteri and Rhampholeon acuminatus also occur there. The species grows up to 46 mm long and has a special feature: the rostral appendage has a triangular shape when viewed from above. In addition, the species has a small depression in the inguinal region, which the other species studied so far do not have.

The already known species Rhampholeon uluguruensis was found exclusively in the Uluguru Nature Reserve and the Mkungwe Forest Reserve. Rhampholeon moyeri is found only in the Uzungwa Scarp Nature Reserve in the Udzungwa Mountains. Rhampholeon beraduccii is restricted to the Sali Forest Reserve in the Mahenge Mountains and Rhampholeon acuminatus, as anticipated, lives exclusively in the Mingu Nature Reserve in the Nguru Mountains.

Cryptic diversity in pygmy chameleons (Chamaeleonidae: Rhampholeon) of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, with description of six new species
Michelle Menegon, John V. Lyakurwa, Simon P. Loader, Krystal A. Tolley
Acta Herpetologica 17 (2): 85-113, 2022
DOI: 10.36253/a_h-12978

Photo: Rhampholeon rubeho, from the above-mentioned publication