Comparative anatomy of the forearms of different chameleons

Comparative anatomy of the forearms of different chameleons

by Alex Laube Tiermedizin Science

The anatomy of chameleons seems to be strongly adapted to their way of life. Tree-dwellers differ in many aspects from ground-dwellers. Several studies at the University of South Dakota this year have already looked at various anatomical aspects of chameleons. A new study is dedicated to the hands and arms.

For the investigation, the arms and hands of a total of 12 chameleons were isolated from existing microcomputer tomography scans and displayed in 3D. These were measured to about 30 different lengths and widths using software. Scans of the species Bradypodion damaranum, Bradypodion occidentale, Calumma hilleniusi, Calumma crypticum, Chamaeleo namaquensis, Chamaeleo zeylanicus, Furcifer balteatus, Furcifer campani, Rhampholeon spinosus, Rhampholeon temporalis, Trioceros goetzei goetzei and Trioceros werneri were evaluated. When selecting the species, care was taken to select one strictly tree-inhabiting chameleon and one more ground-inhabiting chameleon per genus.

The evaluation revealed that tree-dwelling chameleons show few differences in forelimb anatomy compared to ground-dwelling chameleons. Tree-dwelling species showed a majority of separated metacarpal bones 1-3, while ground-dwelling species showed fused metacarpal bones. Interestingly, this study differs from earlier studies by other authors, which yielded different results. The relatively small number of animals studied may be related to this. Larger studies could be helpful here.

Ecological and evolutionary drivers of chameleon forelimb variation
Ellie M. Schley
Honors Thesis 302 der Universität von South Dakota, 2023
DOI: gibt es nicht

Comparison of pelvic girdles in chameleons

Comparison of pelvic girdles in chameleons

by Alex Laube Science

The anatomy of chameleons is strongly adapted to their way of life. Tree-dwellers differ in many aspects from ground-dwellers. The pelvic girdle has been little studied anatomically in chameleons so far – a publication from the USA now deals with it in more detail.

For the study, the pelvic girdles of 22 chameleons were isolated from existing microcomputer tomography scans and displayed in 3D. These were measured to 16 different lengths and angles using software. Archaius tigris, Bradypodion damaranum, Calumma gallus, Calumma parsonii parsonii, Chamaeleo zeylanicus, Furcifer balteatus, Kinyongia matschiei, Kinyongia tavetana, Nadzikambia mlanjense and Trioceros quadricornis gracilior were assigned to tree dwellers. Brookesia brygooi, Chamaeleo namaquensis, Palleon nasus nasus, Rhampholeon temporalis and Rieppeleon brachyurus were attributed to ground-dwelling species. The species Bradypodion occidentale, Brookesia ebenaui, Chamaeleo anchietae, Furcifer campani, Rhampholeon spinosus, Rieppeleon kerstenii kerstenii and Trioceros goetzei goetzei were classified as semiarboreal. Mainly males were examined.

As expected, the evaluation showed that tree-dwelling chameleons had narrower, shorter girdles than ground-dwelling ones. The narrower pelvic girdle makes it easier to hide behind branches and flatten the body to the maximum. It also ensures that the body’s centre of gravity is closer to the branch and thus increases stability when climbing. Ground-dwelling chameleons, on the other hand, had larger and wider pelvic girdles. These allow them to step more quickly and provide greater stability when walking on ground surfaces.

How phylogeny and arboreality affect pelvic girdle anatomy of chameleons
Dakota J. John
Honors Thesis 299, University of South Dakota, 2023
DOI: none

 

Presentation in Hamburg about Namibia

Presentation in Hamburg about Namibia

by Alex Laube Live lectures Reiseberichte

The first chairman of the DGHT Landesverband Hamburg will give a lecture full of pictures about a journey to Namibia and western South Africa on 31 March 2023 in Hamburg. The travel goes from Cape Town to the Etosha National Park. Namibia, also called the “Land of Red Silence”, is one of the most fascinating and multifaceted countries on earth. Stops on Rüdiger’s journey included Namaqualand, which welcomed him in glorious blossom, several Namibian mountain ranges, the Namib around Swakopmund with a great reptile tour and a drive through the Welwitschia area, as well as the dune areas near Sossusvlei and the Fish River Canyon. Besides the large mammals of Etosha National Park, Rüdiger’s main focus on this breathtaking trip was, of course, the reptiles – and there were also a few chameleons to see. A firework for nature lovers!

Rüdiger Schlepper Namibia – In 22 days through the Southwest of Africa
DGHT Landesverband Hamburg
Vereinsgaststätte “Am Sportplatzring”
Sportplatzring 47
22527 Hamburg
Presentation starts at 8 pm

Photo: Flower carpet in Namaqualand, photographed by Rüdiger Schlepper

Chamaeleo namaquensis offspring in the AG

Chamaeleo namaquensis offspring in the AG

by Alex Laube AG Interna Nachzuchten

A great breeding success was achieved by AG-member and former AG-speaker Timo Weiß this week: His Chamaeleo namaquensis offspring hatched successfully. Congratulations!

The Namaqua chameleon is one of the few existing chameleons that actually occur in real deserts. It lives in the wild in Namibia, South Africa and Angola on the African continent. Unlike many other chameleon species, it inhabits mainly the ground and low shrubs.

Photo: One-day-old juvenile on the hand of the successful keeper

Hidden species within the genus Chamaeleo

Hidden species within the genus Chamaeleo

by Alex Laube Science

Thanks to genetic studies, the identification of species is much more precise today than it was a few decades ago. However, genetics always raises new questions. The genus Chamaeleo currently has 14 species. Scientists from South Africa have now investigated whether there might be other ‘hidden’ species of the genus Chamaeleo. At the same time, they investigated where the origin of the genus Chamaeleo might lie. For this purpose, the genetic material of all 14 species recognised so far was examined. Exciting results came to light: of the fourteen Chamaeleo species, thirteen were confirmed, but one was questioned. In addition, several new candidate species were identified.

The two different populations of Chamaeleo anchietae in western Angola and in south-eastern Congo and Tanzania probably represent two different species. If the animals from the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania were true to be elevated to species status in the future, they would have to be named Chamaeleo vinckei according to taxonomy and a species description from 1950.

Chamaeleo gracilis seems to hide – which would not be surprising due to its wide distribution – at least three independent species. The “real” Chamaeleo gracilis would be found in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. The other two groups originate from the triangle of countries between Chad, Cameroon and the Central African Republic and from the border between Kenya and Tanzania. Unfortunately, only single specimens of Chamaeleo gracilis have been sampled, so no more far-reaching recommendation on the splitting of species can be made at this point.

The flap-necked chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis), currently described as a single species, could contain a total of three species. One of the genetically distinct populations occurs in eastern Africa in Tanzania and Rwanda, while a second species is found in southern and eastern Africa, from South Africa through Botswana, Zambia, Namibia, Mozambique and Malawi to southern Tanzania. The third species would be distributed in west central Africa between Angola and the Congo. None of the candidate species matches the eight subspecies described so far purely on the basis of appearance. Therefore, a complete review of the previous subspecies, their status and the species status of the three newly emerged clades is necessary.

The results of the study on Chamaeleo necasi from Benin are also interesting. It turned out that the genetics identified the sampled animal as Chamaeleo gracilis. However, the specimen itself was not examined by the researchers. It could be a Chamaeleo gracilis misclassified by its appearance. In this case, the specimens used for the species description in 2007 would have to be viewed and sampled again in order to obtain more information about the actual species’ status.

In the course of the genetic investigations, the researchers found out that the origin of the genus Chamaeleo probably lies in South Africa. Chamaeleo namaquensis, the only terrestrial chameleon of the genus Chamaeleo, split off from the other Chamaeleo species as early as 40 million years ago in the Eocene. This makes the Namaqua chameleon from the Namib Desert and Damaraland the “oldest” chameleon of the genus Chamaeleo. Chamaeleo anchietae followed about 29 million years ago.

Out of southern Africa: origins and cryptic speciation in Chamaeleo, the most widespread chameleon genus
Devon C. Main, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren, Colin R. Tilbury & Krystal A. Tolley Conceptualisation
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 175
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107578