Chameleons in Marsa El Brega (Lybia)

While other areas of Africa are regularly the subject of publications and expeditions, the herpetofauna of Libya has not been fully researched. Little is known about the reptiles of the coastal region of Marsa El Brega in particular. Marsa El Brega is located in the north of Libya directly on the Mediterranean Sea and therefore has a Mediterranean climate. The vegetation consists mainly of a desert-like landscape with low shrubs such as Nitraria retusa and small date palm oases in between.

A Hungarian herpetologist has investigated the reptile populations in Marsa El Brega during two expeditions. Unfortunately, the exact procedure for finding animals is not mentioned in the article. All animals found were photographed and species phenotyped according to existing field guides.

The author found a total of 25 reptile species in the Marsa El Brega region, including two Chamaeleo chameleons, one each two days apart. The coordinates given for the find site are in the outskirts of the town of Brega, right next to the garden of a bed’n’breakfast facing the beach. The author cites stray dogs and cats as the greatest potential threat to the local herpetofauna. In addition, the coastal area investigated was heavily littered.

Some reptiles from Marsa El Brega, Libya (Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae, Gekkonidae, Phyllodactylidae, Lacertidae and Scincidae)
Attila Haris
Natura Somogyiensis 45: 17-26, 2025
DOI: 10.24394/NatSom.2025.45.17

Namaqua chameleons discovered in Namibe (Angola)

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

Western Angola has increasingly become the focus of herpetologists in recent years. However, the reptile population of the Iona National Park on the border with Namibia still raises some questions. Whilst searching for the dwarf puff adder Bitis peringueyi, an international research team also found Chamaeleo namaquensis. The survey of reptile populations was carried out in the coastal area, in the sand sea and in the shifting sand dunes of the gravel plains.

A total of 27 reptile species were discovered – although the dwarf puff adder was not among them. Chamaeleo namaquensis was found along the EN100 road about 50 kilometres south of Moçamedes. A second site was found around 10 km north of Salondjmba, the entrance to the Iona National Park in Ponta Albina.

Noteworthy herpetological notes from Naimbe Province, Angola
Javier Lobón-Rovira, Pablo Sierra, Rubén Portas, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Fernando Martínez-Freiría
Herpetology Notes Vol 18: 99-105
DOI: nicht vorhanden

Picture: Daniel S. Katz, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Chamaeleo gracilis in Nechisar (Ethiopia)

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

Over the last hundred years, humans have reduced Ethiopia’s forest cover from around 40% to just 2.36%. Despite this, little is still known about the country’s herpetological fauna in some places. Scientists from Egypt, the USA and Ethiopia recently carried out a survey study in a national park.

Necisar National Park is located in south-west Ethiopia on the line of the Great Rift Valley, more than 500 kilometres south of the capital Addis Ababa. Necisar covers an area of 514 square kilometres, bordered to the north and south by two lakes, to the east by the Amarao Mountains and to the west by the town of Arbaminch. Nechisar is very hot all year round with very little rainfall.

A total of two expeditions were carried out during the rainy season and two during the dry season. Transects with a total length of 290 km and a width of nine metres were covered, 230 km of which were in grassland and stony terrain, 60 km in the forest and along the lakeshore. In addition to manual searches with the naked eye, small pitfall traps and cover plates were used.

A total of 34 species of reptiles were found, including Chamaeleo gracilis. The species was discovered twice. Both chameleons were found near different rivers, one in the scrubland and one in the forest.

Survey of reptiles in Nechisar National Park, Southern Ethiopia
Samy A. Saber, Fikirte Gebresenbet, Afework Bekele, Eman N. Salama
Russian Journal of Herpetology 31(5): 291-301
DOI: 10.30906/1026-2296-2024-31-5-293-301

The Common Chameleon in Belezma (Algeria)

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

The Belezma Biosphere Reserve was only established in 2015 and is located in the province of Batna in northern Algeria. It covers an area of 262 km² in the Belezma Mountains and lies at altitudes between 915 and 2136 metres above sea level. The terrain consists of Mediterranean cedar, pine and oak forests, typical scrubland (so-called maquis), cliffs and only seasonal watercourses (so-called oueds); around 53 km² consist of cedar forest. So far, there have only been a few publications on the herpetofauna there. A recent overview study of the amphibians and reptiles found there has now been compiled by biologists from the University of Batna.

The animals were searched for visually only. Various people walked transects unsystematically both during the day and at night, for a total of 500 hours at 28 locations within the reserve. The animals found were either identified directly or photographed and released.

A total of 23 amphibian and reptile species were found and identified. Chamaeleo chamaeleon was identified for the first time in Belezma. The chameleons were found at around 1040 metres in the characteristic shrublands and at 1280 metres in open terrain. The maquis in Belezma consists mainly of oak and olive trees as well as mastic bushes and Phoenician juniper.

Herpetofauna of Belezma Biosphere Reserve, province of Batna, northeastern Algeria
Messaoud Saoudi, Mohamed Bensaci, Abdeldjabar Necer, Houria Baazi, Zohra Nemili, Farouk Khelfaoui
African Journal of Biological Sciences 6 (15), 2024
DOI: 10.48047/AFJBS.6.15.2024.10672-10700

New distribution record for Kinyongia magomberae

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

Scientists from Tanzania and England recently carried out a survey study of the herpetofauna in the Kimboza forest. Kimboza is located in eastern Tanzania on the edge of the Eastern Arc Mountains, a 600 km long mountain range. To the west of Kimboza are the Uluguru Mountains, to the east the Ruvu Reserve. Kimboza is one of the smallest reserves in Tanzania with an area of only 4 km². It ranges in altitude from 170 to 480 metres.

To detect reptiles and amphibians, manual searches were carried out on two nights in December and January and for eleven consecutive months between December and June. In addition, bucket traps were placed in the ground along two lines, a total of between 11 and 20 buckets at a distance of 5 metres from each other. The animals found were identified morphologically using existing field guides. Samples were taken from 12 finds in order to genetically confirm the species identification.

A total of 42 different reptile species and 29 amphibian species were recorded in Kimboza. As expected, Trioceros melleri, Rieppeleon brevicaudatus and Chamaeleo dilepis were among the known chameleons of the forest. However, the study also revealed something astonishing: Kinyongia magomberae, actually known from the forest of Magombera and from the lowlands of the Udzungwa Mountains National Park, was found there. This corresponds to an extension of the distribution area of this species of 128 km. In a study from 1994, Kinyongia oxyrhina is already mentioned once in Kimboza. Even then it could have been a case of confusion and actually a Kinyongia magomberae. The species may have been much more widespread in the past than it is today. However, as the lowland rainforests of Tanzania have been extensively deforested for many decades, the chameleon’s habitat has been greatly reduced – and could have led to the spread of a species in forest areas that are no longer contiguous today.

Kimboza, a small lowland forest with an outstanding herpetofauna diversity in east Africa
John V. Lyakurwa, Simon P. Loader, Wilirk Ngalason, Rikki Gumbs, Caleb Ofori-Boateng, H. Christoph Liedtke
Nature Notes 14(10), 2024
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70406

Picture: Kinyongia magomberae, photographed by Andrew R Marshall in Mwanihana forest, Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported

Occurrence of the European chameleon in Tlemcen (Algeria)

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

The 21.6 km² Tlemcen Hunting Reserve is located in the north of Algeria, in the province of the same name. The climate is Mediterranean, the province borders the Alborán Sea (the westernmost part of the Mediterranean Sea) and lies directly opposite south-east Spain. The reserve is located around 26 kilometres southwest of the city of Tlemcen, the second largest city in Algeria, and spans the highest areas of the Tlemcen Mountains.

A local veterinarian and biologist recently carried out a survey study of the animals currently found in the reserve. In order to investigate the herpetofauna, manual searches or traps were set along measured transects. Chamaeleo chamaeleon was found several times during the study.

Inventory of wildlife in the Tlemcen Hunting Reserve
Rafiq Rahmouni, Louiza Derouiche
Genetics and Biodiversity Journal 8(2), 2024
DOI: not available

Picture: Chamaeleo chameleon, photographed by Peter A. Mansfeld, licence Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported

New modelling of species loss in Madagascar

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

For some time now, there have been various programmes and algorithms that can make various predictions about how many species in a country or region could be threatened with extinction in the future based on given data. Until now, this has always required a whole series of locations and data for the respective animal species as a basis. However, these are often not available for rare species.

Italian scientists have now developed an algorithm called ENphylo, which can make predictions from just two observations per species. It was tested in parallel to conventional algorithms on a model with 56 chameleon species from Madagascar. The occurrence and locations of the chameleons were taken from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Various scenarios of climate change and progressive changes in land use were modelled using CHELSA and other databases for the period between 2071 and 2100. For each of the chameleon species, 45 modelled predictions were calculated in the study.hnet.

As a result, the scientists predict a habitat loss of over 90% for the species Brookesia decaryi, Brookesia brunoi, Calumma globifer, Brookesia desperata, Brookesia karchei, Brookesia micra, Brookesia tristis, Calumma amber, Calumma guibei, Calumma ambreense, Calumma nasutum, Calumma fallax, Calumma peltierorum, Calumma boettgeri, Furcifer petteri and Furcifer willsii. As a result, these species would be directly threatened with extinction by 2100 due to climate change and changes in land use in Madagascar. The greatest area losses in potential habitats are expected in the dry forests of the west and north-west and the lowland rainforests of the east coast. The potential habitat loss is also expected to affect species that only occur in a very small distribution area but are very common there, such as Brookesia tuberculata.

An increasing development of the habitat is only assumed for Furcifer oustaleti, Furcifer rhinoceratus, Calumma parsonii (unfortunately without indication of the subspecies), Calumma oshaughnessyi, Calumma crypticum, Calumma brevicorne and Brookesia supericilaris. According to the various calculation models, Madagascar could lose between eight and eleven chameleon species by the year 2100.

Modelling reveals the effect of climate and land use change on Madagascar’s chameleons fauna
Alessandro Mondanaro, Mirko di Febbraro, Silvia Castiglione, Arianna Morena Belfiore, Girogia Girardi, Marina Melchionna, Carmela Serio, Antonella Esposito, Pasquale Raia
Communications Biology 7, 2024: 889
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06597-5

Photo: Calumma crypticum in Ranomafana, Madagascar, photographed by Alex Laube

The flap-necked chameleon on Serra da Neve (Angola)

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

The Serra da Neve inselberg is located in the province of Namibe in south-west Angola on the south-western edge of Africa. At 2489 metres above sea level, it is the second highest mountain in the country. The isolated location in the middle of savannahs makes the inselberg a refuge for biodiversity, but this has so far been poorly researched concerning herps. Scientists from the USA, Portugal and Germany have recently carried out a first survey study to inventory the amphibians and reptiles of the Serra da Neve.

Three expeditions have been carried out since 2016, each lasting a few days. Eight areas were selected to search for animals, including rocky areas as well as forest, open grassland and various altitudes. Pitfall traps, snares, rubber bands and manual searches by day and night were used to find the animals. The individuals found were all killed and prepared for storage and further examination in the museum.

A total of 59 species of reptiles and amphibians were found on the inselberg. Chamaeleo dilepis was found exclusively around the village of Catchi, located at 1590 metres. The village is surrounded by granite rocks and the Miombo forest area, which is dominated by Brachystegia and Julbernardia trees. The flat parts of the plateau surrounding the village are largely deforested. The land is used for grazing cattle or for growing cereals and maize. However, the steep slopes around the village are still forested. A small river also runs through the plateau.

An island in a sea of sand: A first checklist of the herpetofauna of the Serra da Neve inselberg, southwestern Angola
Mariana P. Marques, Diogo Parrinha, Manuel Lopes-Lima, Arthur Tiutenko, Aaron M. Bauer, Luis M. P. Ceríaco
ZooKeys 1201, 2024: pp. 167-217.
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1201.120750

Photo: taken from the aforementioned publication

Potential new distribution areas of the European chameleon

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

The European chameleon (Chamaeleo chameleon) was historically found in some small areas of the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Today, however, it is much more widespread. It is now assumed that the animals were brought to their new distribution areas by humans and were able to reproduce there due to the favourable climatic conditions. Scientists have now investigated where there are further suitable habitats for the European chameleon and how the existing populations could develop over the next 50 years.

The three subspecies studied were Chamaeleo chamaeleon chamaeleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon musae and Chamaeleo chamaeleon reticrista. The former is known from the southern edge of Portgual and Spain as well as from southern Italy, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Tunisia, the western Sahara and Yemen. The second subspecies is currently found in Jordan, Israel and Egypt. The third subspecies occurs between Greece and Turkey, in Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon and Syria, but is actually native to northern Africa and the Middle East. It was probably introduced by people in southern Spain and Portgual, but is now considered a native species there.

For the study, the existing literature, sampling by the author himself, OpenStreetMaps and information from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) were used, statistically processed and analysed. Climate, topography, habitat of the sites and connections of existing populations were used to predict potentially suitable new habitats.

A total of 553 Chamaeleo chamaeleon findings were included in the study. 22% of the finds could be assigned to urban areas, 21% to scrubland and 18% to agricultural land. Most of the finds were made at altitudes of 0 to 100 metres above sea level. Not surprisingly, the areas currently colonised by Chamaeleo chamaeleon proved to be very suitable habitat. Potential well-suited new distribution areas in the future could be the Iberian Islands between Murcia and the Algarve in Portugal, Sicily, Calabria, Apulia and Sardinia in Italy, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, the region between Israel and Lebanon in the Middle East, Cyprus and all coasts and islands of the Aegean Sea. Overall, a progressive increase in all existing habitats of the European chameleon is expected over the next 50 years. The only exceptions to this are probably some regions in Tunisia and Turkey. Further habitat losses are assumed on the Aegean coast in Turkey and Israel. In Spain and Portgual, the distribution area could shift westwards.

Habitat suitability and connectivity modelling predict a latitudinal-driven expansion in the Mediterranean basin for a historically introduced reptile
Davide Serva, Viviana Cittadino, Ilaria Bernabò, Maurizio Biondi, Mattia Iannella
European Journal of Wildlife Resarch 70 (27), 2024
DOI: 10.1007/s10344-024-01780-9

The two graphics are both from the publication mentioned.

New hope for Calumma tarzan

by Alex Negro Verbreitung Science

Calumma tarzan, the Tarzan chameleon, was only described in 2010. It was named after the place where it was found, Tarzanville, a small village in the Anosibe An’Ala region in the centre-east of Madagascar. Due to the previously assumed very small distribution area, the species was immediately classified as “critically endangered” on the IUCN Red List.

In 2020 and 2021, Malagasy scientists searched for the species in many other places in eastern Madagascar – and promptly found it, as a recent publication reports. They searched 46 transects, each one kilometre long, in 23 different forest fragments. A further 28 transects, each 200 metres long, were examined in order to assess the population density. Calumma tarzan was found in 14 of the 23 forest fragments analysed. None of these occurrences were previously known. The species occurred at altitudes of 604 to 1048 metres. Population density estimates varied greatly. In some areas there are only 25 chameleons per hectare, in others more than three times as many, namely 78.

Only a few of the forest fragments are currently protected. This study therefore emphasises how urgent it is to establish further protected areas in Madagascar’s eastern rainforests. This is the only way to save the Tarzan chameleon.

New distribution records and population density of the critically endangered Tarzan chameleon (Calumma tarzan), eastern Madagascar
Alain J.V. Rakotondrina, Raphali R. Andriantsimanarilafy, Hanta J. Razafimanahaka, Achille P. Raselimanana, Rikki Gumbs, Caleb Ofori-Boateng, Jody M. Taft, Fanomezana M. Ratsoavina
African Journal of Herpetology, 2024
DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2023.2291358

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