Chameleons have window-like, translucent scales over certain bony processes, especially on the head. If the bone is illuminated with UV light at these points, the areas light up. It has previously been assumed that this UV fluorescence or the fluorescent tubercles are used for intra-species communication. South African scientists have now investigated this further in dwarf chameleons.

Five Bradypodion species in different habitats (fynbos, forest, bushland) were studied.

If the fluorescent tubercles are used for communication between males and females during reproduction, one would have to assume that their number differs greatly between males and females. Chameleons that live in a dense forest should also have more of them than animals in open terrain that is easy for predators to see.

The result of the study is quite astonishing: the larger sex of each of the different dwarf chameleon species had the higher number of fluorescent tubercles. Bradypodion of the same size, on the other hand, always had approximately the same number of fluorescent tubercles on their heads. The different habitats did not appear to have any influence on the number of fluorescent tubercles. There was also no difference between habitats heavily influenced by humans, such as gardens, and near-natural, unspoilt landscapes.

The authors conclude that the fluorescent bone tubercles in South African dwarf chameleons are probably not used for communication. It remains to be seen whether this is also the case in other chameleon species.

Body size, not habitat or sex, best explains the extent of ultraviolet fluorescence in African dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion)
Jody M. Barends, Wade K. Stanton-Jones, Graham J. Alexander, Krystal A. Tolley
Journal of Zoology
DOI: 10.1111/jzo.70032